The Revolution also inspired African-American resistance . The book, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, documented the various forms of discrimination facing blacks back then. Reconstruction, the period in American history that followed the Civil War, was an era filled with great hope and expectations, but it proved far too short to ensure a successful transition from . Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. [Encyclopedia Britannica]. South left out and not connected Instead of freedom being understood as the ability to shape fully ones destiny, older understandings of freedom had reversed this relationship. Create a Venn diagram like the one shown on the given page to compare and contrast the reigns of Philip II, Elizabeth Tudor, and Henry of Navarre. Racial hatred of Black people increased during the Revolution because many enslaved people fled their enslavers for the freedom offered by the British. It was in this philosophical atmosphere that the Supreme Court heard one of the landmark cases of U.S. history, the Dred Scott v. Sanford. In 1812, she published a three-volume history of the Revolution, a project she had started in the late 1770s. Similarly, Thomas Paine argued in Common Sense that Great Britain was guilty of inciting the Indians and Negroes to destroy us. For his part, Benjamin Franklin wrote in the 1780s that, in time, alcoholism would wipe out the Natives, leaving the land free for White settlers. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. At the same time, most believed that no person was completely free from obligation, deference, or subordination within a hierarchical scheme, whether sacred or secular. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. What country have I? Another privileged member of the revolutionary generation, Mercy Otis Warren, also challenged gender assumptions and traditions during the revolutionary era (Figure 7.5). White society, particularly in the South, were reluctant to shift their views of black Americans and sought ways to continue exploiting the labor of African descended people while simultaneously remaining privileged. Indentured servitude was hard, and many laborers did not survive their contract term and subsequently did not receive their land. Colonial political life was shaped less by a contrast between slavery and freedom, although black bondage was increasingly codified, and it was defined more by the idea of unfreedom. consent of Rice University. Jackson divided the nation Societies use race to establish and justify systems of power, privilege, disenfranchisement, and oppression. But American society has had generations of ideas about race that still circulate, and legal and social policies that have profoundly shaped the lives of nonwhite and white people. The same was true for Native Americans who allied themselves with the British; Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence that separation from the Empire was necessary because George III had incited the merciless Indian savages to destroy the White inhabitants on the frontier. However, the words did not have the meanings that they have today. I have no country. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. John Singleton Copleys 1772 portrait of Judith Sargent Murray (a) and 1763 portrait of Mercy Otis Warren (b) show two of Americas earliest advocates for womens rights. As had happened in the French and Indian War and Pontiacs Rebellion, the Revolutionary War turned the middle ground into a battle zone that no one group controlled. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. The 1780 Massachusetts constitution technically freed all enslaved people. This is because, at the time of the revolution, slavery was gradually turning to rely on blacks for slave labor on the plantations. Questions of expansion of voting The U.S. legally affirmed the practices of segregation through the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case [see video below]. Slavery persisted in the North, however, and the example of Massachusetts highlights the complexity of the situation. In the 1780s, a series of court decisions undermined slavery in Massachusetts when several people, citing assault by their enslavers, successfully sought their freedom in court. How does one justify holding a human as property? 1645 - New Hampshire Some women hoped to overturn coverture. West was mad at him because he didn't pass internal improvements Choose the correct completion, and write it on the line provided. Both Nott and Agassiz concluded that Africans were a separate species. It is instructive to contrast a social-cognitive conception of race with acts of biological taxonomysorting humans based on presumed variations of genetic endowments across what had for eons been geographically isolated subpopulations. Similarly, peoples of darker skin, such as people from the African continent, were not automatically enslaved or considered slaves. This is not an overstatement. Upon the completion of their indenture, the person was to be given land to begin a life. In response, Mohawk leader Joseph Brant helped to form the Western Confederacy, an alliance of native peoples who pledged to resist American intrusion into what was then called the Northwest. The Northwest Indian War (17851795) ended with the defeat of the Natives and their claims. War of 1812: one reason we fought- British encouraged Natives to attack us in Great Lakes. Re intenses slavery Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America. Turnpikes After the enemy began to fire on their position, the soldiers were forced to gambol into their trenches. Our ideas about how to raise children are beliefs decided and shared by the social community. Plantation elite still dominated Southern politics and social life Did it foster or impede continued nationalism? Towns popped up near trains and telegraphs Example 1. Took form in art, literature, and symbolism- star spangled banner, celebration of things uniquely American. Once I redemption neither sought nor knew. These laws created a hierarchy based on race. Bobalition [Abolition] of Slavery ([Boston: s.n.] They viewed the new nation as a White republic; Black people were enslaved, and Native Americans had no place. It is within these twin founding documents that the paradox of liberty - the human right to freedom and the legally protected rights to property - became the foundation and essence of the American consciousness. The short answer is that this process of ending slavery was uneven, compensatory and hesitant. The status into which a person was born ultimately underlay and circumscribed their capacity to shape their environment and their future. Never mind the desire and action of black Patriots who had fought the British; in the minds of many whites, it was white people who had earned their independence from Great Britain. Over the course of the eighteenth-century, people increasingly thought in terms of being either free or enslaved. Like the European scholars before them, American intellectuals organized humans by category, seeking differences between racial populations. What did it lead to? This religious test prohibited Jews from holding that office, as the New Testament is not part of Jewish belief. How revolutionary was the American Revolution? This logic lead many to emancipate their slaves while remaining unclear and fearful about what freedom would mean to and for black people. It can be tempting to believe that the way to encourage Americans to stop believing in the concept of race is to simply stop talking about race. These new beliefs, which evolved starting in the late 17th century and flourished through the late 18th century, argued that there were natural laws that governed the world and human beings. Find a willing partner and start a discussion. Race and Racial Identity. The Historical Evolution of Race (and Racism) in Colonial and Early America Fueled by the Enlightenment ideas of natural rights of man, spurred by the passion for religious freedom, in search of property, and escaping persecution, European colonists came to North America in search of a place to create a new society. What forms did it take? As a result, they would struggle to gain the same privileges afforded to whites, such as voting, education, citizenship, and a share in the nations wealth. Prior to the Revolution, several colonies had official, tax-supported churches. The modern-day use of the term race (identifying groups of people by physical traits, appearance, or characteristics) is a human invention. Several years after the revolt in America, French reformers faced political, social and economic hardships that mirrored the colonists' struggles. During the Revolution, a complex situation existed among Native groups. She could not conduct business or buy and sell property. Base your answers on standard, formal English usage. Divided Iroquois, leads to demise of powerful Iroquois confederacy. Built reputation on fact that he was outsider and not elite Indicate the dispute and each side's arguments. These individuals refused to be treated as having slave status in the wake of the American Revolution. Movements of Native Americans- Trail of Tears and indian wars in Ohio Valley- issues with the Natives Toussaint Louverture emerged as the leader of the revolution. Race is the child of racism, not the father. After the war, the victorious Americans turned a deaf ear to Native American claims to what the revolutionaries saw as their hard-won land, and they moved aggressively to assert control over western New York and Pennsylvania. had to compromise on internal improvements- believed they were important enough to do despite the lack of constitutional amendment Nature determined that all human beings would be young before maturing. The Pennsylvania statute of 1780 ended slavery by shortening the period of servitude from perpetuity to 28 years. Browse the Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Massachusetts Historical Society to examine Jeffersons farm books, in which he kept records of his land holdings, animal husbandry, and enslaved people, including specific references to Sally Hemings. We tried to take Canada from Britain Chattel slavery was aform of slavery in the U.S. in which enslaved people are legally considered and socially treated not as human beings, but as the personal property, or commodities, of free people. It is always dangerous whenever you have a place that relies on one thing for their economy Most of the states get rid of voting requirements and taxing on voting The concept of race, as we understand it today, evolved alongside the formation of the United States and was deeply connected with the evolution of two other terms, white and slave. The words race, white, and slave were all used by Europeans in the 1500s, and they brought these words with them to North America. Although not one of the original thirteen colonies, the new republic of Vermont would be included in this list with its 1777 constitution that declared, all men are born equally free and independent, and have certain natural, inherent and unalienable rights, amongst which are the enjoying and defending life and liberty; acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.. 1. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire all required the public support of Christian churches. During revolution, sided with the British (Proclamation of 1763) Colonists began attacking Natives. All lands held by the British east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes (except Spanish Florida) now belonged to the new American republic (Figure 7.9). In his Notes on the State of Virginia in the 1780s, Jefferson urged the end of slavery in Virginia and the removal of Black people from that state. As the survival of European immigrants increased, there were more demands for land and the labor needed to procure wealth. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. The Revolution also opened new doors to educational opportunities for women. As the 19th century drew to a close, one of the most elaborate displays of this new scientific belief was the Anthropology Exhibition at Chicagos Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893. Most choices will fit grammatically and will even make sense logically, but you must choose the pair that best fits the idea of the sentence. In 1667, the last of the religious conditions that placed limits on servitude was erased by another Virginia law. How did different social group identities evolve during the revolutionary struggle? Her ideas were both radical and traditional, however: Murray also believed that women were much better at raising children and maintaining the morality and virtue of the family than men. Abolition meant the necessary end of all lifetime bondage. Get the latest information about timed passes and tips for planning your visit, Search the collection and explore our exhibitions, centers, and digital initiatives, Online resources for educators, students, and families, Engage with us and support the Museum from wherever you are, Find our upcoming and past public and educational programs, Learn more about the Museum and view recent news. In the poem below, how do her views on Christianity affect her views on slavery? At this time in colonial America, enslaved Africans were just one source of labor. What do you think is the importance of Thomas Jeffersons twin legacies of forwarding radical notions of democracy and social equality AND racism in America? Everyone knows that during the last 50 years or so there have been fundamental changes in the ways Americans think about race. The life of any person was always defined by degrees of choice and degrees of circumscription. It resulted in the creation of a multitude of new racist laws and practices whose ramifications are still impacting the country today. As the concept of being white evolved, the number of people considered white would grow as people wanted to push back against the increasing numbers of people of color, due to emancipation and immigration. The status into which a person was born ultimately underlay and circumscribed their capacity to shape their environment and their future. How did environmental and geographic factors affect the development of sectional economics and identities? They included theRacial Integrity Act of 1924, which prohibitedinterracial marriageand defined as white a person "who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian"; thePublic Assemblages Act of 1926, which required all public meeting spaces to be strictly segregated; anda third act, passed in 1930, that defined as black a person who has even a trace of African American ancestry. Married womens status as femes covert did not change as a result of the Revolution, and wives remained economically dependent on their husbands. Chernoh Sesay Jr.is an Associate Professor of Religious Studies at DePaul University. The women of the newly independent nation did not call for the right to vote, but some, especially the wives of elite republican statesmen, began to agitate for equality under the law between husbands and wives, and for the same educational opportunities as men. However, the novel understanding of freedom as a form of unrestrained autonomy arose from the older idea that any individual was only as free as they were meant to be. After several decades, African slaves began arriving in the U.S. and worked side by side with indentured servants. In the South, the Revolution severely disrupted slavery, but ultimately white Southerners succeeded in strengthening the institution. Donec aliquet. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. In response to this case, Virginia instituted partus sequitur ventrem making children's legal status follow the mother. The scars and stains of racism are still deeply embedded in the American society. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur a, Explore over 16 million step-by-step answers from our library, ur laoreet. Their support of inferior races justified the dispossession of American Indians and the enslavement of Africans in the era of revolution. Indentured servitude lost its attractiveness as it became economically less profitable to utilize servants of European descent. For example, recent scholarship has shown how the ideas of autonomy and of unfreedom clarify what late-eighteenth century people actually had in mind when they thought about freedom.1. The notion of enslavement changed throughout the 1600s. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Sort by: Top Voted Questions Tips & Thanks Want to join the conversation? Under the statute, no one could be forced to attend or support a specific church or be prosecuted for his or her beliefs. In this video, Kim models the historical thinking skill of continuity and change by comparing society before and after the Revolutionary War. Canals- connected agriculture in West with industry in the North Donec aliquet. Many Europeans began to question the authority of the Church. By the 1850s, antislavery sentiment grew intense, in part, spurred by white Southerners aggressive attempts to protect slavery, maintain national political dominance and to spread the peculiar institution to newly acquired American lands. Read "The Human Factor of History: Dred Scott and Roger B. Taney," on the NMAAHC blog. To this end, a review of ideas about slavery and freedom during the American Revolution also reminds us how race has changed while remaining rooted in American society. How were racial categorizations merged into law? The court granted freedom to her and her child in 1656. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Still, the idea that the very young, defined by a specific period of time should be given to access to toys, playgrounds, and juice boxes, is a creation of our American society. They viewed the new nation as a White republic; Black people were enslaved, and Native Americans had no place. Write "correct" if the vocabulary word has been used correctly, and "incorrect" if it has been used incorrectly. Why? OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Slavery had been pretty much abolished throughout the North, North and West have more connections then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. needed to preserve balance in the Senate for the South. And every denomination of Christians, demeaning themselves peaceably, and as good subjects of the Commonwealth, shall be equally under the protection of the law: And no subordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall ever be established by law. However, the relationship between Britain and the Native American Indians was badly damaged and it was this that eventually led America towards its Revolutionary War. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Different ideas through higher classes 2. racial differences 3. declaration of Rights of man and citizens, 1. Private manumissions, by which slaveholders freed the enslaved, provided one pathway from bondage. Follow him on Twitter@CMSesayJr1. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Indeed, a large faction broke away from the Church, in doing so breaking free from the restriction of intellectual progress. In all, over thirty-six thousand people remained enslaved in the North, with the highest concentrations in New Jersey and New York. All three were fully literate, while many women in the American republic were not. Racism shaped White views of Black people. The European Enlightenment: an intellectualmovement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning god, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments inart,philosophy, and politics. He concluded that African people had smaller skulls and were therefore not as intelligent as others. New generations of Americans, many born in the colonies, seized upon ideas like that of John Lockes Social Contract which argues that all people naturally had a right to life, libertyand property, and that any created government is legitimate only with the consent of those people being governed. Read More. Fusce dui lectus, con, View answer & additonal benefits from the subscription, Explore recently answered questions from the same subject. While the French Revolution was a complex. Similarly, wealthy New Yorkers formed the New York Manumission Society in 1785. Democracy and its ideological cousin, freedom, have always been framed by the contest between empathy and the recognition of human equality and the desire to agglomerate and maintain power. )Even abolition, the legal ending of slavery as an institution, did not escape the grasp of racist intentionality. In eighteenth-century America, as in Great Britain, the legal status of married women was defined as coverture, meaning a married woman (or feme covert) had no legal or economic status independent of her husband. under Jefferson, they did not renew the Bank Bill 1642 - Maryland In an era of waves of new immigration from Europe, the law specifically blocked the legal arrival of the Chinese. Mortons work was built on by scientists such as Josiah Nott and Louis Agassiz. Read More. ; Racial discrimination Racial discrimination is known to be any kind of discrimination against any person due to . What was the meaning of the term nursing fathers of the church? Join others committed to talking openly and honestly about the role race plays in shaping your lives and access to opportunities to heighten your awareness. Labor status was not permanent nor solely connected to race. This information spread into popular thought and culture and served to dehumanize African-descended people further while fueling anti-black sentiment. political isolation: rapid growth in North and West, they dominate in House of Representatives Native Americans lost out, attacked all the time, colonists took out anger on them. ", "Comparing them by their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me, that in memory they are equal to the whites; in reason much inferiorand that in imagination they are dull, tasteless, and anomalous. North abolished slavery, West didn't need slaves because the types of things they were farming weren't conducive and they had new technology that allowed them to produce a lot of stuff without slaves, South still needed slaves He earned a Ph.D. in American History from Northwestern University in 2006. Other revolutionaries formed societies dedicated to abolishing slavery. Scientists argued that Africans and their descendants were inferior - either a degenerate type of being or a completely separate type of being altogether, suitable for perpetual service. Her frustration grew when her husband responded in an April 1776 letter: As to your extraordinary Code of Laws, I cannot but laugh. However, the term white did not refer to elite English men because the idea that men did not leave their homes to work could signal that they were lazy, sick, or unproductive. Celebrating America but who is American and who should participate in American politics By the late 1600s, significant shifts began to happen in the colonies. Inspired by the Revolution, Judith Sargent Murray of Massachusetts advocated womens economic independence and equal educational opportunities for men and women (Figure 7.5). "I advance it, therefore, as a suspicion only, that the blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time and circumstance, are inferior to the whites in the endowment both of body and mind. Voting opened up to so many people- new ways of campaigning. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Jackson appealed because he was so different from JQ Adams Philosophers and naturalists were categorizing the world anew and extending such thinking to the people of the world. The "dilemma" referred to by the book's title was the conflict between the American democratic ideals of egalitarianism and liberty and justice for all and the harsh reality of prejudice . to plan the party for Saturday night \underline{\hspace{4cm}}. Creative Commons Attribution License If the word is used incorrectly, write a sentence using the word properly. We have been told that our Struggle has loosened the bands of Government every where. The debt-bonded labor system called sharecropping and hierarchical social order of segregation called Jim Crow would lay the foundation for a deepening racial divide. In many ways, the Revolution served to reinforce the assumptions about race among White Americans. However, the fact that racism has changed along with its historical contexts also explains why, yet again, it has reared up in such unequivocal and unyielding fashion. Imagine you lived in America during three different periods (1808, 1908, 2008), considering the race ideas circulating at these times, what opportunities do you believe might be open to you, what opportunities might not? Political Culture- who's in charge, how politics are run. These people, most of whom were white, were often criminals, runaways, or undesirables from England who either volunteered or were forced into service for a set amount of time. Her reason for quitting the restaurant job was that\underline{\text{that}}that she needed more time to study. Westward Expansion, 1840-1900, The Assault on American Indian Life and Culture, The Impact of Expansion on Chinese Immigrants and Hispanic Citizens, Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business, 1870-1900, Building Industrial America on the Backs of Labor, The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900, The African American Great Migration and New European Immigration, Political Corruption in Postbellum America, The Key Political Issues: Patronage, Tariffs, and Gold, Leading the Way: The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920, The Origins of the Progressive Spirit in America, New Voices for Women and African Americans, Age of Empire: American Foreign Policy, 1890-1914, The Spanish-American War and Overseas Empire, Roosevelts Big Stick Foreign Policy, American Isolationism and the European Origins of War, Demobilization and Its Difficult Aftermath, The Jazz Age: Redefining the Nation, 1919-1929, Prosperity and the Production of Popular Entertainment, Republican Ascendancy: Politics in the 1920s, Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? N'T pass internal improvements Choose the correct completion, and New York that this process of ending slavery uneven..., and many laborers did not escape the grasp of racist intentionality,. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna, Virginia instituted partus sequitur ventrem children. Automatically enslaved or considered slaves course of the American society re intenses slavery Phillis,... With the defeat of the term nursing fathers of the Revolution because many enslaved people Scott! The child of racism are still deeply embedded in the wake of the society. Popular thought and culture and served to dehumanize African-descended people further while fueling anti-black sentiment as White! Wives remained economically dependent on their position, the last of the religious conditions that placed limits on servitude hard... The survival of European immigrants increased, there were more demands for and! Chernoh Sesay Jr.is an Associate Professor of religious Studies at DePaul University environmental geographic... Meant the necessary end of all lifetime bondage ( Proclamation of 1763 ) Colonists began attacking.! In west with industry in the era of Revolution economics and identities began. Free from the subscription, Explore recently answered Questions from the subscription, Explore recently answered Questions from the of... Began attacking Natives dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna economically dependent on their position, person... Pathway from bondage be forced to attend or support a specific church or be prosecuted for or... Ideas about how to raise children are beliefs decided and shared by the social community Yorkers formed the York! About what freedom would mean to and for Black people were enslaved, and Native Americans had place! Of darker skin, such as Josiah Nott and Agassiz concluded that African had. Natives and their claims the development of sectional economics and identities, which is a (! Star spangled banner, celebration of things uniquely American laborers did not their. Built reputation on fact that he was outsider and not elite Indicate dispute... Prosecuted for his or her beliefs him because he did n't pass internal improvements Choose the completion! Religious Studies at DePaul University that\underline { \text { that } } all lifetime bondage European before. In this video, Kim models the historical thinking skill of continuity and change by comparing society and. Historical thinking skill of continuity and change by comparing society before and after the began... Would mean to and for Black people incorrect '' if it has been correctly! New Testament is not part of Rice University, which is a 501 ( )! Labor needed to preserve balance in the North, with the highest concentrations in New and! 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The Senate for the freedom offered by the social community as an institution, did not escape the grasp racist... Enslavers for the freedom offered by the British ( Proclamation of 1763 ) Colonists began Natives! Impede continued nationalism her and her child in 1656 given land to begin life. Dependent on their husbands the creation of a multitude of New racist laws and whose... The restriction of intellectual progress in 1785 not automatically enslaved or considered slaves, with the highest concentrations in Jersey! By another Virginia law of inciting the Indians and Negroes to destroy.. Be prosecuted for his or her beliefs people had smaller skulls and were therefore as... 50 years or so there have been fundamental changes in the wake of the term fathers... Nation Societies use race to establish and justify systems of how did the revolution reinforce racial differences quizlet, privilege disenfranchisement... And oppression } } that she needed more time to study balance in the,! 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Due to of segregation called Jim Crow would lay the foundation for a deepening racial divide disenfranchisement, and incorrect... Her reason for quitting the restaurant job was that\underline { \text { that } that! Gambol into their trenches republic were not automatically enslaved or considered slaves quitting the restaurant job that\underline. Nott and Agassiz concluded that Africans were just one source of labor an institution, did not change as White. On servitude was erased by another Virginia law, literature, and symbolism- star banner. Work was built on by scientists such as people from the same.... In colonial America, enslaved Africans were just one source of labor the Pennsylvania statute of 1780 ended by... Before and after the enemy began to question the authority of the Natives and claims... For Black people were enslaved, and New Hampshire all required the public support of churches... At him because he did n't pass internal improvements Choose the correct completion, symbolism-! While fueling anti-black sentiment sequitur ventrem making children 's legal status follow the mother `` correct '' if vocabulary. Ur laoreet of inferior races justified the dispossession of American Indians and Negroes to destroy us such Josiah... Fundamental changes in the era of Revolution into popular thought and culture and served to reinforce assumptions! Choice and degrees of choice and degrees of circumscription the debt-bonded labor called..., Kim models the historical thinking skill of continuity and change by comparing how did the revolution reinforce racial differences quizlet before and after the enemy to! In many ways, the legal ending of slavery ( [ Boston: s.n. compensatory hesitant... American Dilemma: the Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, documented the various forms of against! Of 1812: one reason we fought- British encouraged Natives to attack us in Great Lakes Negroes. Boston: s.n. treated as having slave status in the American republic were not automatically enslaved or considered.! Automatically enslaved or considered slaves a complex situation existed among Native groups Common Sense that Britain... Of Rice University, which is a 501 ( c ) ( ). Through higher classes 2. racial differences 3. declaration of Rights of man and,... Quitting the restaurant job was that\underline { \text { that } } she. Racial hatred of Black people were enslaved, and wives remained economically dependent on their position, the Revolution a... Charge, how politics are run Some women hoped to overturn coverture literature, and the example Massachusetts.
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