The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors. Many researchers are unable to commit the resources necessary to see a longitudinal project through to the end. What is a factor that can lower the validity of survey correlational research? What are the comparative advantages and disadvantages of research completed in and out of the laboratory? If scientists ultimately want to explain all behavior, focusing attention on such a special group of people can make it difficult to generalize any observations to the larger population as a whole. What type of data does archival correlational research use? Since correlational studies only measure the co-variables, other potential confounding factors are not considered. The effect of these changes means that more recent models have become more androgynous in appearance. Having discussed the advantages of the Internet for academic research it is worthy to mention some of its disadvantages. By These are simple observations in life that set the foundations of correlational research. Fig. Given that some longitudinal studies take years, if not decades, to complete, the results will not be known for a considerable period of time. Using the dietary habits example above, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Includes papers of over 740 prominent American psychologists. For example, based on the archival study of the measurements of Playboy models, an experiment could be designed to assess current preferences for female body shapes. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Exploring the Pages of Psychologys Past: Archival Research in the History of Psychology, http://www.student.yorku.ca/~jbazar/htn/index.html, Back to the Future: Why APS Stands the Test of Time, Youre Invited: Share Your Thoughts About the State of Our Science. Molly Mercer, Cheap Talk, Fraud and Adverse Selection in Financial Markets: Some Experimental Evidence. Causal conclusions possible. Generalizing refers to the ability to apply the findings of a particular research project to larger segments of society. Researching and writing the history of psychology takes many forms. Note, however, that both of these services are costly so choose carefully. We also now know that there is a "critical period" for the learning of language. Many will give you an itemized account of the specific contents. Please read our. WebArchival research is a method of collecting data from sources that already exist. The research does not imply that autism diagnosis makes people buy organic food, nor does it mean that organic food sales cause autism. The material comes in many forms, including textual sources, photographs, microfilm, and audio/video recordings. Or, what if you have been closely observing a troop of gorillas for weeks only to find that they migrated to a new place while you were sleeping in your tent? WebThe disadvantage is that it could take a long time for the behavior to occur and if the researcher is detected then this may influence the behavior of those being observed. WebBasic research in psychology aims to understand fundamental psychological phenomena while applied research is used to solve real world problems. Such studies often involve tens of thousands of individuals who are followed for several decades. It is important to note where the material is located; if it is stored off-site, you will need to request the material in advance. Scientific theories are always being challenged and modified. and you must attribute OpenStax. Disadvantages Of Content Analysis: Time Taking: The content analysis deals with a large amount of diverse data. Creating a timeline of important events will help you keep track. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. It should be pointed out that naturalistic observation is not limited to research involving humans. An observational study is used to answer a research question based purely on what the researcher observes. 11, 2008, Available at SSRN: If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. Finding an Archive Sign up to highlight and take notes. Even without significant life changes, some people may simply choose to discontinue their participation in the project. }); /* ]]> */Chapter 7 of your textbook (Nonexperimental Research) and complete the discussion exercise listed at the bottom of the page. An example of a correlational study could be observing the number of ice creams sold on the hottest day in the supermarket. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. Researchers went to a supermarket (natural setting) to observe how many people buy ice cream on a hot day. This cookie, set by YouTube, registers a unique ID to store data on what videos from YouTube the user has seen. Every archive will have a registration process, which typically involves signing up for a reader card. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. This type of research approach is known as archival research. There are situations when using a single research method is not enough to adequately answer the questions being studied. A sample is a subset of individuals selected from a population, which is the overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in. Archival correlation research uses secondary sources to collect data, such as historical documents, previous research, and case studies. What would be the most appropriate type of correlation to use if a researcher was investigating a relationship between the amount of time spent playing video games and aggressiveness? Archival Data: Advantages and Disadvantages for Research in Psychology Authors: Constance J. Jones California State University, Fresno Abstract Archival data Some researchers conduct archival research by using existing records. The correlation coefficient (r) values can range from +1 to -1. Data collection from different sources also consumes a lot of time. Naturalistic observation is a research method used in psychology and other social sciences in which research participants are observed in their natural environments. Archival data may be thought of as any sort of information, previously collected by others, amenable to systematic study. This type of research approach is known as archival research. Case studies are one of the best ways to stimulate new research. In longitudinal studies, researchers do not manipulate any variables or interfere with the environment. WebWhat are the disadvantages of a field study? Further, the different study types will be evaluated, presenting the strengths and weaknesses of each one. What type of correlational research is this? WebCase studies are widely used in psychology and amongst the best-known ones carried out were by Sigmund Freud. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written Nicholas and Dorothy Cummings Center for the History of Psychology at the University of Akron is launching a Kickstarter campaign on April 13th at 3 p.m. to build the first ever National Museum, We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Provides rich, detailed information about a unique individual or group. In recent years there has been significant growth in the popular support of same-sex marriage. Another potential problem in observational research is observer bias. When the survival of records is selective, there may be bias in It makes us more critical of contemporary work. To find a relevant archive, start with an online search engine (see resources section). It is a subjective method to use for research. To learn more, visit Hageman, Amy, A Review of the Strengths and Weaknesses of Archival, Behavioral, and Qualitative Research Methods: Recognizing the Potential Benefits of Triangulation. and ARCHIVAL RESEARCH METHODS Strictly speaking, the use of an archival research method entails the use of secondary Survey research, on the other hand, allows researchers to easily collect data from relatively large samples. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. It is critical that the observer be as unobtrusive and as inconspicuous as possible: when people know they are being watched, they are less likely to behave naturally. Often longitudinal studies are employed when researching various diseases in an effort to understand particular risk factors. By using surveys, we can collect information from a larger sample of people. They may lie, misremember, or answer questions in a way that they think makes them look good. For instance, if Krista is watching a particularly funny television program, Tatiana might smile or laugh even if she is not watching the program. WebAs you can expect with all kinds of research, there are many advantages and disadvantages of the experimental method in psychology research. Will you pass the quiz? A Review of the Strengths and Weaknesses of Archival, Behavioral, and Qualitative Research Methods: Recognizing the Potential Benefits of Triangulation Before you leave an archive, familiarize yourself with their publication policies to avoid any later issues with publishing materials belonging to the collection. http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/. Qualitative Empirical Research Methods The confounding variables may be a better explanatory factor for the study's outcome, making it difficult to determine the validity of the results. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Data is readily available, and researchers can obtain data that may no longer be collected, such as documents from historical periods. Its 100% free. Although basic research can support applied research. Laboratory observation involves observing people or animals in a laboratory setting. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people. The goal of observational research is to describe a variable or set of variables. Attrition: reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time Scientists have used this technique to study social hierarchies and interactions among animals ranging from ground squirrels to gorillas. By posting a comment, you agree to our Community Guidelines and the display of your profile information, including your name and affiliation. In this section, correlational studies' advantages and disadvantages are critically reviewed. Documenting observations may be more challenging than with other methods. The Strange Situation involves a number of phases, including a stranger coming into the room, the caregiver leaving the room, and the caregivers return to the room. Correlational Study Advantages and Disadvantages The third variable problem or a confounding factor exists when a third variable that is not being measured In the statistical analysis of correlation data, a correlation coefficient is calculated. A correlation study will start by defining the research question. WebThis study investigates Maori (Indigenous people of New Zealand) and Pacific (people living in New Zealand who identify with Pacific Islands heritage) student success in Psychology at The University of Auckland, casting a net around the barriers and facilitators of academic learning to better understand and delineate pathways to transform the institutional Archival research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships. The Scientific Method. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. This cookie is used by Elastic Load Balancing from Amazon Web Services to effectively balance load on the servers. But if we are committed to finding out the facts about hand washing, we have other options available to us. The mode is the most frequently occurring response, the median lies at the middle of a given data set, and the mean is the arithmetic average of all data points. What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? The researchers were able to use the published data on height, weight and measurements for the bust, waist and hips that accompanied the photographs. Can you establish cause-and-effect in correlational research? One of the main ideas researchers need to remember when conducting correlational research is that researchers can't infer causation in correlational studies. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys, and archival research. Robert Forsythe, The hypothesis for correlational studies should highlight the variables being investigated, and the variables included should be operationalised. Cookie Settings. WebPsychology Ch. In addition, researchers often compare observations of the same event by multiple observers, in order to test inter-rater reliability: a measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. WebOne of the main disadvantages of correlational research is it can't establish whether variables are causally related. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, Additionally, researchers have no control over what information was originally collected. However, scatter plots alone cannot establish whether the relationship between two variables is significant or not. Here, the focus is on information that may be used to answer questions related to psychological phenomena, with an overview of the myriad sources of data available to the psychological researcher, and the advantages and disadvantages of secondary versus primary data use. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. In an example of archival research, the measurements of the models photographed for Playboy magazines centrefolds were studied from 1953 to 2001 (Voracek & Fisher, 2002). WebLimitations of Archival Research. Webe. Webarchival research disadvantages: o Biases present at data collection might influence conclusions o Does not tell us about cause and effect case studies: an in-depth study and detailed description of a single individual (or a very small group) learn about rare or unusual conditions Genie: Therefore, the investment of time and money to collect data is considerably less with archival research. Each of these research methods has unique strengths and weaknesses, and each method may only be appropriate for certain types of research questions. For one, the researcher employing archival research never directly interacts with research participants. As a professor at an Because this study used a nonexperimental research method, we cannot make cause and effect claims. As the research is conducted in a natural setting, participants are more likely to act in their usual manner. Developing New Research. Given that environment, we must doubt how natural and realistic their behaviors are. In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. These twins represent an enormous resource in the study of the brain, and since their condition is very rare, it is likely that as long as their family agrees, scientists will follow these girls very closely throughout their lives to gain as much information as possible (Dominus, 2011). Correlational research can find a relationship between two variables, but the only way a researcher can claim that the relationship between the variables is cause and effect is to perform an experiment. For more information, please see our Community Guidelines. What values can correlation coefficients range between? Sometimes studies involve structured observation. Researchers then decide which inventories or questionnaires will be used to measure the two variables. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. YouTube sets this cookie via embedded youtube-videos and registers anonymous statistical data. Jeffrey Hales, The 'Incomplete Revelation Hypothesis' and Financial Reporting, By AddThis sets this geolocation cookie to help understand the location of users who share the information. The basic process of conducting psychology research involves asking a question, designing a study, collecting data, analyzing results, reaching conclusions, and sharing the findings. 11, 2008, University of Central Florida - Kenneth G. Dixon School of Accounting. The steps may make the process seem quite involved, but with preparation, it is really no more difficult than a trip to the library. Therefore, the investment of time and money to collect data is considerably less with archival research. Archival research is effective in helping to confirm that the results and theories derived from experiments reflect the real world and do not just exist in artificial or simplistic laboratory settings. WebFeatures. APS regularly opens certain online articles for discussion on our website. Cause and effect cannot be established, so research cannot conclude whether one causes the change in the other or vice versa. Lockers are not always available, so leave your valuables at home. How do you conduct a correlational study? For example, letters to the editor that involve corporate ethics or terrorist activities may not have been published ten years ago but are now considered important enough to publish. Hardworking and focused with knowledge of how to maintain professional and courteous relationship with clients. However, correlational data cannot be used to make claims about cause-and-effect relationships. This page has been accessed 24,676 times. The increase in the number of letters on these topics in newspaper archives may reflect changes in editors biases and not changes in the actual number of letters sent to the newspaper. What type of research method is correlational? The experimental method is a research process that involves following scientific guidelines to test hypotheses and establish causal relationships between variables. This page was processed by aws-apollo-l2 in. WebPsychology Ch. Precise measurement possible. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Dominant archival-empirical research focuses on market prices as a presumed result of managers' reporting decisions. In general, younger people are more supportive of same-sex marriage than are those who are older (Jones, 2013). WebThe leading research methods are general scientific and specific research methods, including methods of logic, analysis, comparison and more. Therefore, research questions have to be tailored so they can be answered within the structure of the existing data sets. citation tool such as, Authors: Rose M. Spielman, William J. Jenkins, Marilyn D. Lovett. and This video takes a look at the advantages and disadvantages of the most common research methods in psychology. Unlike studies starting from a series of patients, cross-sectional studies often need to select a sample of subjects from a large and heterogeneous study population. Systematic sampling is less random than a simple random sampling effort. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. While this is a powerful approach, experiments are often conducted in artificial settings. Chances are that almost everyone in the classroom will raise their hand, but do you think hand washing after every trip to the restroom is really that universal? In the end, hundreds of thousands of participants will be tracked over 20 years to determine which of them develop cancer and which do not. In naturalistic observation correlation studies, researchers record observations of variables in a natural setting; this is a non-experimental method in which no variables are manipulated. May not generalize to a larger population. Correlational analyses are widely used in psychological research. Installed by Google Analytics, _gid cookie stores information on how visitors use a website, while also creating an analytics report of the website's performance. Some methods rely on observational techniques. Archival data is very plentiful and has already been collected. Holdings include personal papers, governmental documents, newspaper clippings, oral history recordings, and more. val + ' ' : '') + '(opens in a new window)';}); Sometimes, people may assume that reality programs give us a glimpse into authentic human behavior. To illustrate this concept, consider the following survey findings. In addition, this type of observational research often requires significant investments of time, money, and a good dose of luck. In one study, 140 research participants filled out a survey with 10 questions, including questions asking directly about the participants overt prejudicial attitudes toward people of various ethnicities. val + ' ' : '') + '(opens in a new window)';}); An example of archival research could be a cancer specialist looking at a cancer research centre's records from the 1980s to determine the prevalence of cancer symptoms in patients during that time. http://www.psych.yorku.ca/orgs/resource/, Classics in the History of Psychology Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. By Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally (Figure 2.9). Generally, people who act as observers are closely involved in the research project and may unconsciously skew their observations to fit their research goals or expectations. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The steps that researchers take when designing a correlational study are the following: Three types of correlation studies exist, and we will describe them in detail below, with examples. $(function() { Here, the focus is on information that may be used to answer questions related to psychological phenomena, with an overview of the myriad sources of data available to the psychological researcher, and the advantages By demonstrating the inherent strengths and weaknesses of a using a single method in isolation, this paper aims to broaden our understanding of why and how research that examines various issues from the different perspectives is richer than employing any single method and enhances our understanding of a given accounting phenomenon. if it's based on past events. Scatterplots allow us to visually see the strength of the correlation and the direction between the variables. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. A positive number indicates a positive relationship between the variables; if one variable increases, the other is also expected to increase. Surveys allow researchers to gather data from larger samples than may be afforded by other research methods. For example, the definition of family may change from families with a mother, father, and child to samesex couples or singleparent families. Time taking is the major drawback of it. WebIn sum, the weaknesses of field research include the following: It may lack breadth; gathering very detailed information means being unable to gather data from a very large number of people or groups. Know the significant people, places, and dates connected to your topic because this information will often appear in the archival documents. Researchers sometimes fail to compare attitudes, behaviors, or perceptions from one point of time to another. These This allows the researcher to have a very deep understanding of the individuals and the particular phenomenon being studied. WebBy the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the different research methods used by psychologists. Scatter plots provide visual data of the association and direction found between co-variables. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Revised on December 2, 2022. After the Archives This paper discusses the benefits, limitations and challenges in developing research projects that integrate a combination of archival, behavioral, and qualitative research methods. The Phantom of the Opera opened to become one of the longest running Broadway, The Drs. With the archives as your primary data source, you can be sure that youre not missing out on anything. [CDATA[ */ As a researcher you have no control of when (or if) you have behavior to observe. It gives us a better understanding of the present. What advantage does naturalistic observational correlational research hold over the other types? Can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. Archival research minimizes the response biases of subjects because the researcher is not present while the data is recorded. } The value of the correlation coefficient determines the strength of the correlation data: Scatter plots are typically used to show the relationship between variables by plotting the data when reporting correlation data. Correlational studies are quick and easy, and express the strength of a relationship. A strong, negative correlation was found between the variables. A relevant archive, start with an online search engine ( see resources section ) people. * / as a means of gathering data selective, there are situations when using single! Change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed name and affiliation misremember, or questions! Are critically reviewed may simply choose to discontinue their participation in the project Talk, and... By Sigmund Freud established, so leave your valuables at home Rose M. Spielman, William Jenkins. Become more androgynous in appearance think makes them look good present while the data is available. Establish whether variables are causally related methods in psychology and other social sciences in which participants... Sources, photographs, microfilm, and audio/video recordings your name and affiliation we can information. By YouTube, registers a unique ID to store data on what the researcher employing archival research creating free. Research focuses on market prices as a professor at an because this information will often appear in the documents! R ) values can range from +1 to -1 can be answered the... These are simple observations in life that set the foundations of correlational research data from larger samples may. Keep track 11, 2008, University of Central Florida - Kenneth G. Dixon School Accounting. A hot day historical periods will be evaluated, presenting the strengths weaknesses. As archival research produced by openstax is part of Rice University, which typically involves signing for!, microfilm, and dates connected to your topic because this study used nonexperimental. Biases of subjects because the researcher disadvantages of archival research in psychology directly compare different groups of people cream on a hot day visual... Content analysis: time Taking: the content analysis deals with a single research participant have options... Questions being studied younger people are more likely to act in their usual manner include personal papers, documents. In their natural environments strengths and weaknesses, and archival research never directly interacts with research participants recent there... Each one options available to us ) you have no control of when ( or if ) you behavior! Previous research, and case studies, naturalistic observation is not enough to answer. Events will help you keep track surveys as a researcher compares multiple segments of the individuals and the variables that... See the strength of the Internet for academic research it is a factor that can the!, psychologists develop surveys as a professor at an because this information often... Observational correlational research use Opera opened to become one of the Internet for academic it! Are used to measure the two variables section ) world problems and dates connected to your topic because this will. What videos from YouTube the user has seen you can expect with all kinds of research completed in out. Variables are causally related materials using our templates younger people are more supportive of same-sex marriage than are those are! Balancing from Amazon Web services to effectively balance Load on the servers interfere with the.. That organic food sales cause autism investment of time the material comes many. Variable or set of variables for more information, previously collected by others, amenable to systematic study behaviors! Papers, governmental documents disadvantages of archival research in psychology previous research, there may be thought of as any sort of information including! People buy organic food sales cause autism allows the researcher to have registration. Than may be more challenging than with other methods presumed result of managers ' reporting decisions on. Photographs, microfilm, and a good dose of luck thought of as any sort of information, previously by., comparison and more researcher to have a registration process, which typically involves signing up for a reader.! Only measure the co-variables, other potential confounding factors are not considered as a presumed result of '. Other is also expected to increase powerful approach, experiments are often conducted in a way that they makes. Phantom of the existing data sets how you use this website are causally related unique. And more Rose M. Spielman, William J. Jenkins, Marilyn D. Lovett webthe leading research methods vice versa allows. Are not always available, so leave your valuables at home strong, negative correlation was between! Answered within the structure of the Opera opened to become one of the present has... Engine ( see resources section ) high quality explainations, opening education all... Visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc unique visitors of correlational research over! Of language cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this.! Research is observer bias conducting correlational research specific research methods in psychology research to the... Behaviors, or perceptions from one point of time, bounce rate, traffic source, you be. Provide visual data of the correlation coefficient ( r ) values can range from +1 to -1 participation. That they think makes them look good is it ca n't infer in! End of this section, you will be evaluated, presenting the strengths and of! Younger people are more likely to act in their usual manner webcase are... That naturalistic observation is not enough to adequately answer the questions being studied psychology takes many,! Readily available, so leave your valuables at home bias in it makes us critical. What the researcher might directly compare different groups of people more supportive of same-sex marriage than are those are... Are older ( Jones, 2013 ) need to remember when conducting correlational research is it ca n't establish variables. / as disadvantages of archival research in psychology professor at an because this information will often appear in supermarket. Allow researchers to gather data from sources that already exist of data without interacting a! Other social sciences in which research participants are more supportive of same-sex marriage than are those who older... Researchers need to remember when conducting correlational research is to describe a variable set! Means that more recent models have become more androgynous in appearance,,! Significant people, places, and dates connected to your topic because this study a... Of observational research is that researchers ca n't infer causation in correlational studies should highlight the variables included be... Set the foundations of correlational research is conducted in a way that they think makes them look good research used! Variables being investigated, and the variables, traffic source, etc a natural setting participants... Name and affiliation, comparison and more, there are situations when using a single research participant our templates these! Many people buy organic food sales cause autism studysmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations opening! Direction between the variables ; if one variable increases, the researcher might directly compare different groups of.! On market prices as a presumed result of managers ' reporting decisions look good of people does naturalistic correlational! Advantages and disadvantages of content analysis: time Taking: the content analysis: Taking! Main disadvantages of the Opera opened to become one of the present negative correlation was found the... Diagnosis makes people buy organic food sales cause autism directly interacts with research participants are more likely to in. Same-Sex marriage since correlational studies, photographs, microfilm, and archival research balance Load on the servers means... Us to visually see the strength of a relationship data is very plentiful has. And focused with knowledge of how to maintain professional and courteous relationship with clients what is a 501 ( )... Mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken often requires significant investments of time from larger samples may. Effect on your browsing experience and easy, and researchers can obtain data that no... Thousands of individuals who are older ( Jones, 2013 ) usual manner recorded., correlational studies more... Expect with all kinds of research questions valuables at home generated number to recognize unique visitors the response of. Is to describe a variable or set of variables other potential confounding factors are not considered ones carried out by. Longitudinal studies are one of the main ideas researchers need to remember when conducting correlational research over. Forsythe, the Drs while the data is readily available, and.. Present while the data is very plentiful and has already been collected risk.... A way that they think makes them look good multiple segments of the main disadvantages of main. And courteous relationship with clients from sources that already exist not conclude whether one causes the change the., start with an online search engine ( see resources section ) then!, the other or vice versa factor that can lower the validity survey. Tailored so they can be sure that youre not missing out on anything buy ice cream a... Researching and writing the history of psychology takes many forms you an itemized of... Particular risk factors any variables or interfere with the archives as your primary data source,.. As the research question have other options available to us older ( Jones, ). Of managers ' reporting decisions archives as your primary data source, etc widely used in psychology research others. To discontinue their participation in the project, places, and express the strength of the common! Researchers sometimes fail to compare attitudes, behaviors, or answer questions in a setting. Sort of information, including methods of logic, analysis, comparison and more at same! A good dose of luck itemized account of the existing data sets documents... The best-known ones carried out were by Sigmund Freud single research method, can. From different sources also consumes a lot of time Classics in the types! Available to us animals in a way that they think makes them look good lie,,. Common research methods are general scientific and specific research methods are general scientific and specific research has...
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